What is industrial standard architecture?
Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA) is a type of computer bus that allows you to connect additional expansion cards to the computer motherboard. The bus is capable of direct access to memory (DMA), with multiple expansion cards on the memory channel and a separate assignment of an interruption request (IRQ) for each card. It was one of the first such expansion buses developed for personal computers (PC), whose technology eventually led to a number of descendants.
The concept for industrial standard architecture was first developed by IBM® in 1981 and was an eight -bit system bus for the first generation IBM® PC. Within a few years, it was extended to a 16 -bit PC bus for the second generation IBM®, known as IBM® at and was named AT BUS. Given that the bus was proprietary for IBM®, the name of industrial architecture did not come until later, around 1988, when the 32 -bit version was developed by PC coalition manufacturers collectively referred to as gang nine. This third iteration wasAnd in fact, the widespread industrial standard architecture (EISA), which has been developed to compete with the new generation IBM® bus. The ISA bus name was stuck and the previous versions were named ISA retroactively to avoid violating IBM® property.
The first 8 -bit ISA bus ran 4.77 Megahertz, which corresponded to the Central Processing units of IBM® (CPU) time. With the 16 -bit version, he encountered six speeds and then eight megahertz to compensate for the increase in CPU speed. As CPU speeds continued to increase, another hour chip was added to the motherboard that would keep the ISA bus at some speed. The bus has four DMA channels, of which only three supported expansion and two were reserved for hard drive and floppy disk. The last DMA channel could support four Naosmbit channels or three on a 16 -bit channel.
dealing with expandingMi cards for expanding the industry standard architecture could sometimes be difficult, because the user had to configure the input and output addresses (I/O), DMA channel and IRQ by switching switches and placing jumpers on the expansion board. Towards the last years of the ISA bus, he tried to create a plug-and-play implementation that helped alleviate some of the configuration problems. The implementation of plug-and-play suffered problems and was nicknamed the "plug-and-gray" in the jerk.
The first deadly Knell sounded at the end of the 90s with a specification called PC 97, published by Microsoft®, which applied for industrial standard architecture to completely remove from the motherboards. The ISA bus held for several years, until the beginning of the 21st century, especially in specific industrial and military systems. Yet numerous descendants of ISA technology have found use in calculation. Advancedetechnological Annex (ATA) has been developed from ISA technology for storage management and further developed into PDistant serial bus ATA (SATA).